Economics Portfolio, Microeconomics, EXTERNALITIES Essay

Economics Portfolio, Microeconomics, EXTERNALITIES - Essay Example "However, it must be remembered that such campaigns will not change attitudes overnight. These are the early stages, and we hope to see more progress made in a further round of a dozen or so campaigns this summer." "We have squads out working seven days a week. They start at the top of Royal Avenue, down one side of the street to Donegal Place, then across the place to the other side of Royal Avenue and back up to the top. Councils involved in the campaign are: Belfast, Blackburn with Darwen, Bradford. Brighton and Hove, Cardiff, Crawley, East Herts, Edinburgh, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth, Leeds, Liverpool, Middlesbrough, Nottingham, Oldham, Oxford, Slough, Stoke-on-Trent, Swindon and Westminster An externality in economics occurs when one action causes another action and the side effects of this cause and effect is not accounted for in market prices. A good example is demonstrated by the cost of gum to the ultimate consumer and the consequential costs of pollution to the government. `It costs 3p a stick to buy, but 10p to prise off the pavements. And councils across Britain are getting sick of having to foot the bill for cleaning it up. (See source article ) As demonstrated by the source article, the government, via council members are uninterested third parties to the gum industry. The obligation to keep the city streets clean and pollution free (as far as reasonably possible) is imposed on the government by tax payers and the democratic process. As a result, the government is unwittingly a stakeholder in the gum industry. According to the source article the costs to the government is more than three times larger than the cost to the consumer. Both Friedrich Havek and Milton Friedman, economists, when alluding to the term `economic externalities have described the phrase as neighborhood effects and spillovers interchangeably.(Cordato. 1992) Pollution is the `spillover

Political Perspectives of Marjorie Cohn. Cowboy Republic Essay

Political Perspectives of Marjorie Cohn. Cowboy Republic - Essay Example Given the dominance the United States in world affairs, most justice groups and organizations championing for human rights from around the world, including the United States, became critical about the decision. Despite the United States having signed up to the Rome statute that established the International Criminal Court in 2000, the administration of the then president George Bush unsigned the statute in 2002. Since then, the United States has continued to pressure other countries into signing agreements forbidding them from surrendering citizens of the United States to the International Criminal Court. The United States even threatened to use force, including military force in the event that any of its citizens are held at the court1. Erna Paris attempts to explore why The United States, a country known to be vocal in matters relating to human rights would refuse to protect human rights by not signing up to the Rome Statute that established the International Criminal Court. From a political perspective, the United States had the fear that the International Criminal Court may be used politically by other nations against it. For a long time, the United States continually got involved in dubious schemes around the world. In most cases, it got involved in the propping up of dictators and unpopular regimes. The United States has also been known to train and offer arms to a number of known abusers of human rights. This was mostly done during the period of cold war. The United States justified its actions as being better than if it allowed such countries to adopt communism. The United States was very involved in most regions of the world, citing the domino theory that if a single nation outside its known sphere of influence would fall, others would follow1. Erna Paris grapples with the dilemma in the twenty first century where the rule of international law is challenged by the political power held by the United States. The treaty that set up the International Crimi nal Court categorized as war crimes acts of forced pregnancy, rape, torture and forceful recruitment of child soldiers. The United States objected this inclusion and suggested that the court should only concern itself with genocide cases. The United States, being a large military and economic power, is expected to intervene in catastrophes of humanitarian consequences. This particularly makes citizens and officials of the United States vulnerable to arrests and trials by the International criminal Court in cases of humanitarian crises. The United States, a country known to promote its interests only, knew that the International Criminal Court would expose its political vulnerability to its perceived enemies. Being a country that boasts the best political institutions, the country would become helpless in trying to protect its citizens against the International Criminal Court without appearing to violate the human rights it has always championed for. Marjorie Cohn in the book, Cowboy Republic: Six Ways the Bush Gang has defied the Law, examines six ways of greatest importance that the government of the United States under the presidency of George Bush defied and consequently led to the weakening of the rule of law. The first reason was the establishment of the prison in Guantanamo bay, where suspects of terrorism were held without trial. Despite the president knowing well

Rational Approaches to Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rational Approaches to Organizations - Essay Example It also highlights through examples how taking an open system or a natural systems approach could benefit managers. Rational Approaches to Organizations Rational approaches present a planned and systematic approach to decision making. Applying such an approach helps managers to maintain order and resoluteness in the decision-making process. Dyck (1997) observes that rational approaches generate reason and order through a sequence of steps starting with the discovery of an opportunity or a predicament and culminating with measures to be undertaken in regard to the decisions reached. Mintzberg (1990) argues that rational approaches are based on meticulousness of analysis and assessment of all probable courses of action. This may be appealing to managers considering the fact that future actions are predetermined at the strategy setting stage. Rational approaches to strategy formulation comprise environmental scanning, portfolio and industry analysis, all which are focused on establishin g the business opportunities and threats. Environmental scanning helps managers to determine the nature of the operating environment and to set strategies for utilizing emerging opportunities as well as dealing with potential threats (Robbins & Barnwell 2006). Portfolio analysis is the formal structured examination that encompasses decisions regarding the relative significance of the accessible business opportunities where a company can invest. It allows the management to devise strategies that can supplement the business portfolio in regard to emerging investment openings and products (Ferraro et al. 2005). Industry analysis helps managers to understand the nature of a particular market in which an organization presently sells its products or is planning to penetrate in future. Such rational approaches allow managers to determine the significance of the various strategic business units and prioritize the allocation of resources depending on market attractiveness (Williamson 2000). Strategy development through this process culminates in a well-detailed scheme with various courses of action that are meticulous with monetary aspects and resource affiliated data. This process is characteristic of the standard SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) analysis in strategy development. Mitzenberg (1990) developed a comparable approach to strategy development. His planning approach involves formulating a strategy with a time line, goals and objectives which are stated and formulated to help achieve the organizational objectives. A plan is a critical source of direction for the company since it contains clearly stated objectives. Planning is a continuous process as variables keep changing hence the need for management to be ready for changes through out the organization’s life cycle (Glueck 2009). Litzenberg's planning model is limited in the sense that it is suitable for static operating environments otherwise the management needs to continuously review plans in a constantly changing environment. Plans can also not be relied upon in the long run due to technological and infrastructural advancements. The rational approaches integrate an evaluation of the organization and its operating environment with the underlying assumption that changes in the business environment will seldom affect the plan.  

Was the US justified in using the Bomb against Japan Essay

Was the US justified in using the Bomb against Japan - Essay Example The bombing was necessary to prevent massive causalities on either side in the planned invasion since it precipitated the surrender. Japan’s plan was to inflict very heavy losses, which the war-weary Americans would not stand; neither would they negotiate for peace. Had the US continued with the plan to land on Kyushu, they would have suffered horrendous causalities. Pre-inventing causalities approximation anticipated the loss of between 100,000 to 1 million American soldiers, with 5 to 10 million Japanese civilians and military losing their lives ( Chappell 145). It has been estimated that between 250,000 to 400,000 Asians under Japanese occupation would have lost their lives for every month that the war went on. In this context, the fact remains that the atomic bombing against Nagasaki and Hiroshima resulted to the end of the World War II much sooner than any other alternative that could have been used and in so doing, millions of lives were saved. Given the reason that the Japanese had caused 17 million deaths, it is justifiable that the atomic bombing on Japan was to end the war. According to President Truman, an atomic bomb was to be used on Japan without a warning. In a radio broadcast following the atomic bombing on the two cities, President Truman announced that he realized the disastrous implication of the atomic bomb, which they had used against those who attacked Americans without caution, at Pearl Harbor. The bomb was to attack those who have beaten and starved and executed American war prisoners against those who deserted all the pretense of abiding by the international warfare law, and it was meant to shorten the misery of young Americans. The US was to continue using it until they totally destroy Japan’s power of making war. A decision of Japanese surrender was the only move that would have stopped them. The president was well aware of the savage way in which the Japanese waged war in

Week 4 Forum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 4 Forum - Assignment Example It is what Edmondson says that â€Å"American popular music is a story of fusion, after fusion after fusion.† meaning that jazz and Blues have had their participation in the American society. For example, many pop stars have borrowed heavily from the blues dimension as Elvis Presley, Little Richard and Chuck Berry among others. The years between the 1930’s and 1940’s were marked by renewed efforts by the African Americans in a push for their rights. This is because they wanted equal rights with the Whites who were the majority and were oppressing them. They were demanding for services like unbiased and fulltime employment, right to join workers’ union, financial integrity, safe and cheap housing, equitable health care and education among other needs. There were efforts over the years meant to achieve the needs which later gave rise to the Civil Rights Movement in the said period. They mainly resolved in non-violent ways of airing their grievances though at times ended in the death of some of them. Their leaders played a prominent role in bringing the people together. The inclusion of African Americans in the World War II helped better the relations between the two races. It made them realize how much they needed each other (Krieger, 15). Popular culture was changing, and notable contri bution can be seen through music like Jazz and

Interviw with nurse in indiana state university health center Assignment

Interviw with nurse in indiana state university health center - Assignment Example The stage involves developing a comprehensive job description for the nursing position and formulating a hiring procedure. These two crucial aspects are outlined in detail in the subsequent sections. The eligible candidate will oversee maintenance of accurate and complete patient reports, as well as, medical records. The nurse will also be responsible for adjusting patient treatment regimen on the basis of respective patients’ condition and response to treatment. Further responsibilities include observing, recording and reporting changes in patients’ state while supervising and directing healthcare personnel with fewer skills in medicine. The nurse will also be expected to consistently monitor patient characteristics, including dietary, physical and physiological aspects, and to prepare patients for examinations by doctors or other medical specialists. The nurse will also shoulder the task of offering advice to individuals, families and groups on subjects like health education, disease prevention, and childbirth thus aiding in the development of suitable health improvement programs. The process of hiring provides an organization with a unique opportunity to align staff members’ skills with initiatives that foster growth. Proper planning and evaluation of the hiring process is, therefore, instrumental to the achievement of this success. The first step involves formulating interview and reference questions, as well as, criteria for interview assessment. The second stage in the hiring process entails development of a recruitment strategy, which would allow the hospital to map out a plan to attract and select the most competent candidate for the nursing position. The third step in the hiring process involves selection of a search committee. This group, equipped with the interview and reference questions, as well as, candidate assessment criteria, will ensure that

Do conflicts management styles Affect group decision making Annotated Bibliography

Do conflicts management styles Affect group decision making - Annotated Bibliography Example Conflict management style has been studied in this article while looking at three approaches; integrative, avoidance, distributive; focusing on conflict management rather than resolution because there is no ideal solution to a conflict, but the ability of the conflicting parties to work through their issues. (Tim Kuhn, 2000) Group conflict management is an all inclusive process as it does not stifle the group members’ diverse perspectives, allowing for a range of alternatives that are possible outcomes of the process. These possible outcomes are looked into while assessing the quality of decisions with an emphasis on the performance and subjective outcomes of the decision making process. A decision’s functional theory is guided by group interaction leading to critical thinking thereby directly shaping the final choice of the group. (Tim Kuhn, 2000) The article while analyzing the integrative, avoidance and distributive approaches, favors the integrative approach hypothesizing that the group using the integrative approach will have the highest level of effectiveness in their decision making process as opposed to the other two because it encapsulates several perspectives therefore fostering positive, subjective and objective outcomes. (Tim Kuhn, 2000) The article examines task complexity vis a vis decision making capabilities while using a study method that incorporates both qualitative and quantitative procedures. The study design employs direct observation of established groups over a period of time. The study uses data from videotaped meetings of the group because of the sheer size and extent of the study. Out of the 47 episodes of data collected, 45 were on video tape and 2 on audio tape. The subjects seem self conscious at first owing to the presence of the video cameras but warm up to the idea of having them around and consequently relaxed. (Tim Kuhn, 2000) Group conflict management style was identified by observing how